The Swiss Federal Council, which has the final say on setting the license fee, keeps it as low as possible and does not index it-mainly to keep its final decision power. In 2001, SRG SSR received some 1 billion Swiss francs through license fees (this accounts for 72%), while advertising (only television) and sponsorship (radio and television) brought in 267 million Swiss francs (19%). Swiss and Austrian broadcasting is financed for the most part by license fees and advertising. Meier, in Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications, 2003 II.B.1.c Financing To find out, whether industry or science between them has a need in interactions, knowledge and technology transfer and who really uses them, these forms of contact are discussed the following section. Therefore, a system of working-hours registration should be implemented and (3) contacts and links between universities, their institutes and enterprises should also be measured and mapped more systematically for example by acquired funds, by kinds of contacts, and by regions. This could be carried out in a sense of an Oslo Manual for universities and UAS (2) to create a basis of measuring innovative activities and R&D at universities, better data about researcher's activities should be collected and assigned to their funding better than before. Resulting in what is required: (1) Defining R&D and innovative activities at universities and at UAS is essential. It would be interesting to know, whether, and if yes, how the rate of commissioned R&D from industry to universities-mainly UAS-will change, as soon as UAS have developed their R&D potential. Altogether these data are important hints that industry prefers to conduct R&D on its own and for its specific needs and purposes. Both systems are separated with very little cross-overs: there are only a few R&D commissions from industry to universities or vice versa. Financial flows based on R&D-as described above-make clear, that there is a huge industrial R&D system and a smaller scientific based R&D system. These flows have to be regarded as one indicator for interactions and knowledge transfer between both sub-systems. Compared to 1996 the amount of R&D personnel in 2000 has risen by 11 percentage points, which is virtually the same as the amount of R&D expenditure, risen by 12 percentage points.Īs seen, there exist very little financial flows for R&D between private industry and universities: Private industry in Switzerland spends about 125 million SFr for mission-oriented R&D conducted in universities (in 2000). They include 70% of all industrial expenses on R&D (intramuros) and about the same share of industrial R&D personnel (BFS & Economiesuisse, 2001). Research activities in industry are focused on two industrial branches, namely machine industry, pharmaceutical and chemical industry. Regarding all R&D expenses of Swiss industry of about 9.5 billions Swiss Francs (intra- and extramuros) the amount spent on universities in Switzerland is shrinking to 1%. About 23% are spent on other enterprises for R&D, and about 65% are spent for R&D on different institutions 16 abroad. Approximately 7%, or 125 million Swiss Francs, of these industrial expenses extramuros are spent on universities, which makes about 3% of all expenses of universities-without UAS. These R&D mandates are spent for external institutions located in Switzerland and abroad (extramuros). Additionally, Swiss industry has spent another 1.7 billions Swiss Francs for mission oriented R&D, for supporting R&D, and for gaining know-how for further R&D (extramuros). The sources of R&D financing in industry are composed of 91% from industry itself, 6% from foreign countries, mainly through participation in EU programs, 2% from the public sector, and about 1% from other organizations in Switzerland. Wilhelm, in The International Handbook on Innovation, 2003 Financing R&D in IndustriesĪlso not surprisingly, private industry finances its R&D mainly itself: In the year 2000 Swiss industry spent 7.71 billions Swiss Francs for R&D conducted in their own enterprises (intramuros) (BFS & Economiesuisse, 2001).
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